Methods of theoretical learning art
Methods of theoretical learning art
"Every child is an artist. The problem is how to remain an artist when I grow up. "
Picasso
As education leaders, it is our task to improve the learning theories we learn through our educational experience for our children and Picasso as well as it could maintain their imagination and artists remain for the rest of their lives. Art is "the use of skill and imagination in the creation of aesthetic objects, environments or experiences that can share with others ", according to Britannica Online. In the broadest sense of art is the theme that has been closer to the meaning remained higher of America, which could be translated as "skill" or aircraft "and an Indo-European root meaning" arrangement "or" fix ". The purpose of this paper is to explore the applications of eight to ten theories and used to teach arts education, explaining how information contained within the matrix created, could be transferred and applied to the arts education program, while evaluation of the pros and cons of each theory of the arts.
Theories
In the 21st century the education system in the United States of America is in a process of change in merging and integration of new curricula, theories and programs in the system. All programs have been created focusing on minority students, women and students who have demonstrated one way or another is at risk of not having the necessary conditions for success in this educational system. However, the necessary techniques for the teacher to interact with students has also changed from writing to write, books to computers, which together white chalk, lecturing to teamwork.
The philosopher and educator John Dewey suggested that Americans face a choice between education as a function of society and society in terms of education. . . . Democracy demands the latest and requires citizens to develop the ability to interpret, understand and analyze the knowledge, and to effectively communicate information, ideas and concepts. (Romanowski, 2006, 9A)
However, theories are not permanent. They change because to our needs, culture and beliefs of viable or accurate explanation of what is truth and purpose of education (p. 4). This may be because a theory according to DeMarrais and LeCompte (1999) is the way "we organize and explain the world we live" (p. 3). Throughout history, our social and cultural life beliefs have been influencing the educational system with a range of social theories that include but are not limited to functionalism, Marxism, interpretivism and post-modernism also have influenced art. Geertz (1998) states that "these important approaches to the presentation of" multiple voices "of all participants – Especially less powerful participants, including women, members of minority groups, and students "(DeMarrais and LeCompte, 1999, p. 38). In other words, arts education, science education, mathematics and general knowledge are important for all individuals, regardless of sex, age, ethnicity, or social status. Learning theories used today in schools are not limited to social learning theory, behaviorism, cognitive dissonance contiguity theory, cooperative learning, Gardner, Piaget, situated learning, Skinner, Vygotsky, Weiner, and Constructivism, among others.
interpretive theory
Interpretive theory of school planning requires a systematic plan which determined the objectives or standards as the NCLB Act of 2001, as written rules and procedures, the hierarchy of authority, the fair treatment of students, recruitment, have been characterized and advancement based on formal credentials of teachers. The role of our schools is to give students the tools they need in the future would be able to make money, have the technology and have the power to teach others what they need for the future provision for each student, teacher, and staff. This student believes that the U.S. education system is trying to put together an ideal education system with application of Bush's No Child Left Behind 2001.
Under this law, every child in every racial, economic, and demographic group in all the nation's public schools must improve their skills on tests of math and science standardized tests. According to King, Sears (2005), the phrase "highly qualified teacher" used to " that those who were fully certified and extremely effective for teaching students "(p. 187), but now according to the guidelines NCLB highly qualified teacher "has a bachelor's degree, are fully certified, and prove they know the content they teach" (p. 187) taking the content of the consultations of specialists. Teachers should be able to help children connect their learning to their own experiences and provide opportunities for students to manipulate and use resources to maximize academic growth. Arts education is a tool used by teachers in each content area help students connect the content learned to their own personal experiences.
Change Theories
According to Shapiro (2005) a theory of change refers to "the causal processes through which change occurs as a result of strategies and action program." These theories explore the reasoning behind their program leaders inferences about how changes happen. Most theories that change requires "back mapping or to identify the results of a program. According to Shapiro (2005), theories of change are both explicit and implicit, and most include:
- Framework of the specific problems to be addressed
- Marco purpose of its intervention
- Identify the processes through which occurs change
- Describe the strategies, principals and specific intervention methods
- Outline short-and long-term use
Trait theory
Trait theory that individuals are born with a number of heritage features that gives a person sufficient combination of features that are suitable for life, these features can also be measured through the individual's ability to perform a series of tasks or skills to be efficient. This theory originated in the nineteenth century, when Gregor Mendel discovered genes and heredity plays an important role in the characteristics and feature that an organism has. Over the years, the researchers focused on trying to discover the features wanted for a particular task. In our case, many researchers focused on identifying traits or skills necessary to succeed in art.
In 1950, Myers and Briggs, a mother and daughter team, created a survey evidence that could identify the sixteen traits are thought to be inherited by simply answering a series of questions that are in http://cbae.nmsu.edu/ dboje/teaching/490_ps1/step_1.htm ~. In 1974, Stogdill wrote a manual that can identify a number of traits and abilities that make a good artist creativity, diplomacy (that person may be tactful with others), intelligent, persuasive, thoughtful, conceptually skilled, knowledgeable, organized, and a fluent speaker. Many other features have been added to this theory based on the model and the organization that implements it. While other researchers such as Machiavelli, McGregor, McClelland, Katz, Yukl, Flanagan, Bennis, and Boje to continue and create more models based on the heritage features. While new scientific discoveries about the genes, characteristics, psychology, and the domain of the chromosome to create more questions about existing theories trait. Some of the questions that students have are: 1) "An artistic trait dominant or recessive. 2) What scientists can identify a gene creativity? 3) Can a person be able heterozygous genes to acquire and develop the skills they possess traits or would if their genes were homozygous? 4) Can we identify the artists with a simple test?
Theory of Multiple Intelligences
Dr. Howard Gardner developed the theory of multiple intelligences in 1983, suggesting that the traditional notion of intelligence, based on individuals is limited IQ test, as proposed eight different intelligences based on a wider range human potential in children and adults. Dr. Gardner (1993) said that people thought to be very eloquent or logic of our culture and we should put the same care in individuals who show gifts in the other intelligences such as artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, employers and other people who enrich our society. Our society unfortunately does not strengthen the children who have these gifts and labels as "learning disabled" "ADD (attention deficit disorder," or called poor performance. Dr. Gardner (2000) suggests that teachers should "be able to present their lessons in a variety of ways using music, cooperative learning, art activities, role play, multimedia, field trips, inner reflection, and more "According to Armstrong (1994)
The good news is that the theory of multiple intelligences has grabbed the attention of many educators throughout the country, and hundreds of schools are currently using its philosophy to redesign the way it educates children. The bad news is that there are thousands of schools still around to teach the same old boring way, through dry lectures and boring worksheets and textbooks. The challenge is to make this information can reach many more teachers, school administrators, and others who work with children, so that every child has the opportunity to learn in a harmonious way with single mind.
Cognitive Development Theory
Based on the research of his long life, Piaget found that " Students should not be seen as empty vessels to be filled by experienced teachers, but active participants in constructing their own knowledge "(Nagarjuna, 2006). According to Murray (2007), Piaget concluded "that the schools should emphasize cooperative decision making and problem solving, strengthening moral development by requiring students to develop common standards based on equity "(p. 2). Despite the explanations offered today may be incorrect, sensitivity according to the latest adult and research, but "The fact that children are offered explanations for these things shows that they are working actively to understand the world around them "(Nagarjuna, 2006).
Jean Piaget considers intelligence as a process that helps an organism to adapt to their environment and proposed four major periods of cognitive development. The four stages of development described in Piaget's theory are (1) sensorimotor stage, (2) preoperational stage, (3) concrete operational stage, and (4) formal operational stage. Each cognitive structure of Piaget's theory is defined by a series of features, and corresponds loosely to specific ages. These time periods are not rigid rules, only approximate values to establish the stages in order Output birth to age 2 that defines the sensorimotor stage, where children experience the world through movement and senses and learn permanence of objects. The pre-operational phase starts from age 2 to 7 years and the child is an acquisition of motor skills. In the concrete operational stage begins 7 to 11 years and children begin to think logically about concrete events that are held in their environment. In the formal operational stage begins after age 11 years and is when the child develops abstract reasoning of the world around them.
Vygotsky Cognitive Theory
theory Vygotsky is an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of socialization in which insists that children minds are shaped by social and historical context particular where they live and their interactions with adults, explaining why educators will never be replaced by technology regardless of the progress that has come. Their social development theories play a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygotsky (1978) states:
Each function in the child development Cultural appears twice: first in the social sphere, and later, at the individual level: first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (Intrapsychological). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and concept formation. All higher functions originate as relations real between individuals (p.57).
Vygostsky theory of art developed a "dynamic global approach (1) the intentions of the author, time, and background, (2) the form, content and symbolism of the literary work, and (3) the experience of the readers and the interpretation of the work "(Lindqvist, 2003). Vygostsky not thinks of art as something spiritual and metaphysical, which raises the genius artists over the form and content of the work being created. Instead, he saw art as a reflection of the society how to touch the lives of people and how society developed. Art is an excellent tool for studying not only society, but the emotions and psychology. According to Lindqvist (2003), "shall be considered Vygostsky the psychology of art as a theory of social techniques of emotion. His analysis reflects the artistic process. "
Taoism
The Tao is a universal principle that covers everything from the creation of galaxies to the human form interacting with each other and the world, showing the necessary path to follow. The Tao consists of 81 verses that are too broad and go beyond human logic. This collection of 81 short verses has survived more than twenty-five centuries, and its contents still teaches us a lot. The author was Lao Tzu's Tao, a real librarian who the emperor asked him to write all his skills before leaving the kingdom to ask China (Windridge, 1999, p. 60). According to Manson, Taoism should not be described as a religion or a philosophy from the first step to interpret the Tao is not guided by the labels. The Tao is the beginning of all knowledge that is external and internal eternal and the mundane and seems forever. The Tao is an infinite loop and end that begins and ends at the same time. To understand the Tao, you would need 200 lives full 100 years each and would only be able to reach the beginning of a extremely small, which would be the spiral that reaches all purposes of the mind, spirit, psychology and becomes human thought. This can be seen in the translation of Lao Tzu Wu: Tao ching verse 7:
Heaven lasts long, and meets the Earth. What is the secret of their durability? Not because they do not live for themselves. The fact that you can live so long? Therefore, the Sage wants to stay behind, but is at the head others, recognizes itself out,
But he is secure and protected. Not because he is selfless that his self is realized? (P.15)
The site http://www.thetao.info/tao/taoleader.htm shows how various verses of the Tao have been applied leadership, life and education, for example, verse 17, "The highest type of ruler is one whose existence barely conscious people. After comes one whom they love and praise. Next comes one whom they fear. Next comes one whom they despise and defy "(Wu, 2005, p. 35). However, a book written long ago time gives us insight on how to be leaders in the changing world of the 21st century.
According to Astin and Astin (2000), the Tao has no beginning no end, however, evolves with the times, which determines their expressions, due to time, social group, or a particular task. Learning in Taoism, is always orientated call for greater vision, goal, task, a problem suggested that a solution is expected to guide civilization, a group or company to achieve peace, unity and common purpose among its members perfect enough to be used in a classroom, art classes, and for life.
Theory Elaboration
The Elaboration Theory is an extension of work previously done by the previous organizers Ausubel and Bruner on the spiral curriculum. According to Reigeluth (1992), Elaboration Theory specifies that classroom instruction must be organized in increasing order of complexity for optimal learning. The statement should be simple lesson is presented and then increasingly more difficult until all tasks are taught and the objectives are met. Reigeluth (1992) suggests that the beginning lesson with a summary of the previous class and end the class with a summary of that lesson days. The Elaboration Theory proposes seven major strategy components: (1) a sequence of development, (2) learning prerequisite sequences, (3) summary, (4) synthesis, (5) analogies, (6) cognitive strategies, and (7) learner control. Elaboration Theory applies to the design of instruction for the cognitive domain.
Application to arts education
A teacher is someone who takes your hand, open your mind, and touches your heart.
Anonymous
Each theory helps educators develop a well-developed lesson includes a variety of formats and styles of learning. These include help all students in the classroom while the teacher gives several tools to improve arts education programs in our school systems.
The to educate children and should be more honored than parents, as these only gave life, those the art of living well.
Aristotle
Today's educators must have the tools, skills and abilities to reach students in schools. Multiple Intelligences theory and trait theory educators help classify the students in the classroom. Cognitive theories, interpretive theory, and theories to map help educate students learning process from the simple to the complex, not only in degree, but a lifetime. According to Martin Luther King Jr. (1948), "The role of education, therefore, is to teach people to think hard and think critically. But education which stops with efficiency may be the biggest threat to society. The most dangerous criminal may be the man gifted with reason, but without the moral. "In other words, education is the direct delivery of knowledge already accumulated from someone who knows someone who is ignorant in time. However, according to Zuk and Dalton (1999), "The primary purpose of education is not preparing children for work or to that our nation economically competitive in international markets. Public education is an important element of a functioning democracy and offers much more to measure what we do in terms of dollars and cents or the economic performance of our investment. "However, according to Holcomb (2007)," As a growing consensus of legislators, educators and parents agree that the arts are an integral part of learning, some districts are seeing a change in policy in local and state level. In California, education and arts organizations have worked to ensure an extraordinary arts budget, in theory, guarantee the education art in all public schools in the state. The money – $ 105 million in ongoing funds, and a one-time, 500 million U.S. dollars budget heading for the classroom – are a legacy of success in the demand for California Teachers Association in funding for education. "
Arts education has many benefits for students and the world we live in, so let's use our knowledge of the theories we have to improve students' knowledge of the world. Under the Indo-European root meaning of art, is all that has undergone a deliberate process of arrangement. Art can describe several things: a study of creative ability, a process of using creativity skill, a product of creative ability or the experience of the audience with creative ability. Art is something that visually stimulates thoughts of an individual, emotions, beliefs, or ideas. Art is an expression of an idea realized – which can take many different forms and serve many different purposes.
Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing worth knowing can be taught.
Oscar Wilder
Reference
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Boje, D. (2000, December 7). Features: The trip will be the willingness to serve. The Leadership Fund. Retrieved January 2, 2006, in http://cbae.nmsu.edu/ dboje/teaching/338/traits.htm ~
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King-Sears, ME (2005, Summer). Are you highly qualified? The difficult situation of effective special educators for students with learning disabilities. Learning Disability Quarterly, 28 (3), 187 – 188. Retrieved March 29, 2006, from EBSCOhost database.
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About the Author
Maritza M. Conde
Science High School Teacher and Data Specialist
Education:
BS in General Biology 1999
Advance Certificate in K-12 Bilingual Education 2001
M.A. in Curriculum and Technology 2005
EDD in Organizational Leadership 2010
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